How to correctly check io.Reader for nil?

If you create a variable of type bytes.Buffer (without initialization) and assign it to a field of type io.Reader, then after checking io.Reader for nil there will be an error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference. How to check this correctly to avoid such errors?

Playground

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
)

type Request struct {
	Body io.Reader
}

func main() {
	var data *bytes.Buffer

	request := &Request{
		Body: data,
	}

	if request.Body != nil {
		ioutil.ReadAll(request.Body) // panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
	}
}

To check if an io.Reader (or any other interface) value is nil, you simply compare it to nil.

Whether a non-nil io.Reader is a meaningful implementation, that's another question.

E.g. is this implementation meaningful?

type panicReader struct{}

func (panicReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
	panic("foo")
}

panicReader certainly implements io.Reader, but whenever you call its Read() method, it will always panic.

There is bytes.Buffer. A pointer to it implements io.Reader. But calling Buffer.Read() on a nil *bytes.Buffer pointer value will panic. But not because you can't call methods on nil pointer receivers, but because the implementation of bytes.Buffer.Read() tries to dereference the pointer receiver, and this dereference operation is what causes the panic:

// Excerpt from bytes.Buffer.Read implementation 
func (b *Buffer) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	b.lastRead = opInvalid
	if b.empty() {
    // ...
}

You can't make a general conclusion here (just yet). See this io.Reader implementation:

type myBuffer struct{}

var count int

func (*myBuffer) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
	if len(p) > 0 {
		count++
		if count >= 10 {
			return 0, io.EOF
		}
		p[0] = 'a'
		return 1, nil
	}
	return 0, nil
}

*myBuffer implements io.Reader, and its Read() method does not use the pointer receiver value. What does this mean? You can call Read() on a nil *myBuffer value:

var data *myBuffer

request := &Request{
	Body: data,
}

if request.Body != nil {
	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(request.Body)
	fmt.Println(string(data), err)
}

This will output (try it on the Go Playground):

aaaaaaaaa <nil>

So the conclusion is this: usually types that have methods with pointer receiver require a non-nil pointer because they use the pointed object (in case of bytes.Buffer they use the fields of the pointed struct). To use such types (to have a meaningful implementation of implemented interfaces), you often need a non-nil pointer value for the methods to "work". This–however–is not always a requirement as the above myBuffer implementation shows. It's your job to always read the documentation of the used types and methods to avoid such misuses (e.g. trying to use a nil *bytes.Buffer).

See related question:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29138591/hiding-nil-values-understanding-why-go-fails-here/29138676#29138676

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29988632/go-reflection-with-interface-embedded-in-struct-how-to-detect-real-functions/61448767#61448767