Are we forced to create processes that must have the text, data ,heap and stack memory sections?

I know that the basic C program layout in memory is code/text, data, heap and stack. The C program memory layout does correspond to the more general layout of a process in memory.

My questions are :

1. Where does the "C program layout = General process layout" association stem from ? ( If we consider all the computer science literature out there...)

2. If I were to write a compiler for a programming language that I create ( let's call it "ONE" ) what are the main rules that I should comply with ( let's say that we are in a Linux OS with intel x86_64 ) ?

> Where does the "C program layout = General process layout" association stem from ? ( If we consider all the computer science literature out there...)

Each operating system has a method (or methods) of loading programs and starting their execution. This includes formats of executable files that it can read and load. An executable file format typically contains some header that describes what program sections are in the file and then information that describes each program section. Program sections may contain data to be loaded into memory as initial values for objects or may contain instructions to be loaded into memory to be executed. Or a program section may simply be an amount of space that needs to be made available in memory.

There is no C program layout. A compiler is a translator. It translates from the C language into machine language. (This process typically involves multiple steps: Translating C into an internal representation, perform optimization and other operations on the internal representation, translating the internal representation into assembly or a representation of it, translation assembly into machine language, writing machine language and data into object modules, and linking object modules into an executable program.)

In the C source code, an abstract model of computing is used, as described in the C standard. No specific hardware stack is specified (although stack semantics are specified because parameters and automatic objects have last-in first-out behavior in function calls). No specific program layout is specified. The compiler translates C source code to an executable program of the target platform, and that is what gives the program its process layout.

> If I were to write a compiler for a programming language that I create ( let's call it "ONE" ) what are the main rules that I should comply with ( let's say that we are in a Linux OS with intel x86_64 ) ?

Write files in the formats expected by the linker and the program loader. Conform to the Application Binary Interface specified by the operating system.