What is the process of runtime execution in java and how does JVM checks for array types at run time?

I was reading about generics and type safety and found that arrays cannot be generic in java. I also understood the covariant nature of arrays which directed me to the array store exception. I understand why this exception occurs.

I tried the below code

class SuperClass {
	
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
	
}
public class ArrayCheck {
	
	public static void main (String args[]) {	
		SubClass arr[] = new SubClass[10];
		
		arr[0] = new SubClass();
		
		SuperClass[] arr1 = arr;
		arr1[1] = new SuperClass();
		
	}
}

This gives an ArrayStoreException as expected. My questions are

1. My question is how does JVM check for array types at runtime?
   Does the compiler append any additional code or is there some predefined process that JVM follows before executing instructions?

2. At what point this exception was raised?
   I thought that the ArrayStoreException would only occur if I try to read the array but I was wrong. So I am not understanding at what point exactly this error was raised.

Also, need a bit of clarification on the Java program execution process.

3. Are run time errors and exceptions only the errors that occur while the program is in execution i.e JVM has started interpreting and executing the instructions or an error during bytecode verification is also considered run time error.

> My question is how does JVM check for array types at runtime ?

When the JVM is interpreting bytecodes, the interpreter performs the relevant runtime type checks when interpreting the aastore bytecode instruction. The relevant JVM spec link is https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se7/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5.aastore.

The JIT compiler will translate the aastore instruction into native code that does the same thing, though it may optimize away any type checks that it can determine to be redundant.

Note this kind of thing would only come to the verifier's attention if you tweaked the bytecodes to attempt to assign a reference into an array of a primitive type.

> At what point this exception was raised?

When you assign a value into an array of some reference type and the value you are assigning is not assignment compatible with the base type of the array.

(Note that the exception won't be thrown for arrays of primitive types. If you try to assign a long into an int[] or a boolean into an int[] you will get a compilation error. If you try to assign an int into a long[] the value will be widened.)