Volatile Java reordering

Firstly let me say that I am aware of this being a fairly common topic here but searching for it I couldn't quite find another question that clarifies the following situation. I am very sorry if this is a possible duplicate but here you go:

I am new to concurrency and have been given the following code in order to answer questions:

• a) Why any other output aside from "00" would be possible?
• b) How to amend the code so that "00" will ALWAYS print.

 boolean flag = false;

    void changeVal(int val) {
        if(this.flag){
            return;
        }
        this.initialInt = val;
        this.flag = true;
    }

    int initialInt = 1;

    class MyThread extends Thread {
        public void run(){
            changeVal(0);
            System.out.print(initialInt);
        }
    }

    void execute() throws Exception{
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
        t1.start(); t2.start(); t1.join(); t2.join();
        System.out.println();
    }

For a) my answer would be the following: In the absence of any volatile / synchronization construct the compiler could reorder some of the instructions. In particular, "this.initialInt = val;" and "this.flag = true;" could be switched so that this situation could occur: The threads are both started and t1 charges ahead. Given the reordered instructions it first sets flag = true. Now before it reaches the now last statement of "this.initialInt = val;" the other thread jumps in, checks the if-condition and immediately returns thus printing the unchanged initialInt value of 1. Besides this, I believe that without any volatile / synchronization it is not for certain whether t2 might see the assignment performed to initialInt in t1 so it may also print "1" as the default value.

For b) I think that flag could be made volatile. I have learned that when t1 writes to a volatile variable setting flag = true then t2, upon reading out this volatile variable in the if-statement will see any write operations performed before the volatile write, hence initialInt = val, too. Therefore, t2 will already have seen its initialInt value changed to 0 and must always print 0.
This will only work, however, if the use of volatile successfully prevents any reordering as I described in a). I have read about volatile accomplishing such things but I am not sure whether this always works here in the absence of any further synchronized blocks or any such locks. From this answer I have gathered that nothing happening before a volatile store (so this.flag = true) can be reordered as to appear beyond it. In that case initialInt = val could not be moved down and I should be correct, right? Or not ?

Thank you so much for your help. I am looking forward to your replies.

This example will alway print 00 , because you do changeVal(0) before the printing .

to mimic the case where 00 might not be printed , you need to move initialInt = 1; to the context of a thread like so :

class MyThread extends Thread {
        public void run(){
            initialInt = 1;
            changeVal(0);
            System.out.print(initialInt);
        }
    }

now you might have a race condition , that sets initialInt back to 1 in thread1 before it is printed in thread2

another alternative that might results in a race-condition but is harder to understand , is switching the order of setting the flag and setting the value

void changeVal(int val) {
        if(this.flag){
            return;
        }
        this.flag = true;
        this.initialInt = val;
 }

There are no explicit synchronizations, so all kinds of interleavings are possible, and changes made by one thread are not necessarily visible to the other so, it is possible that the changes to flag are visible before the changes to initialInt, causing 10 or 01 output, as well as 00 output. 11 is not possible, because operations performed on variables are visible to the thread performing them, and effects of changeVal(0) will always visible for at least one of the threads.

Making changeVal synchronized, or making flag volatile would fix the issue. flag is the last variable changed in the critical section, so declaring it as volatile would create a happened-before relationship, making changes to initialInt visible.