Java, how manage threads to read socket (websocket)?

I have a WebSocket server.

my server create a new thread for handle a new connection.the thread is live until websocket break.

my problem: for 1_000_000 connections i need 1_000_000 threads. how i can handle many websockets by a thread? without wait?

ServerSocket server;
private ExecutorService executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(1_000_000 , 1_000_000 , 7, TimeUnit.SECONDS, queue, threadFactory);

try
{
    server = new ServerSocket(port); 
}
catch (IOException e) {}

while (true)
 {
    Socket client = null;
    
   try
   {
        client = server.accept();

        Runnable r = new Runnable()
        {
           run()
           {
              // this is simple, original is complete WebSocket imp
               client.getInputStream().read();
           }
        };

        executor.execute(r);
    }

 catch (IOException e) {}
}

Your concept is wrong. You should not start a new thread every few milliseconds because that will slow down your system a lot. Also you cannot have 1 Million connections open at the same time. No normal operating system would allow that.

Rather than that, normal web servers run a maximum number of threads (e.g. 100 on an average server) which process the incoming requests sequentially.

Think about this you have a map of sockets and every time a message received to server you will get message and related socket !

this operation done with OS(linux , windows , unix , mac-OS , ...) kernel !

so you can handle a million connection just in one thread !

we call this None-Blocking sockets which means they never block your thread to read or write or any other operation such as accept and ... !

java has a package to handle this ! java.nio.*

how it's work ?

• A Thread to handle IO operations
• A Selector to select which sockets has operation and what type of operation
• ByteBuffer to handle read and write instead of using socket.stream in blocking-socket

>also you can use multiple thread and selectors (each selector has its own thread)

look at this example :

NoneBlockingServer.java :

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class NoneBlockingServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
runServer("localhost" , 5050);
}
private final static void runServer(String host , int port)throws Exception {
Selector selector = Selector.open();
ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false); //config to be a none-blocking serve-socket
SelectionKey selectionKey = serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
//register to selector for operation ACCEPT !
//also you can use selectionKey for some other stuffs !
while (true) {
int numberOfReadSockets = selector.select();
//it will wait until a socket(s) be ready for some io operation
//or other threads call selector.wakeup()
if(numberOfReadSockets==0){
//maybe selector.wakeup() called
//do some sync operations here !
continue; // continue selecting !
}
Iterator<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
while (keys.hasNext())
{
SelectionKey key = keys.next();
keys.remove(); //remove selected key from current selection !
//handle selected key
if(key.isValid() && key.isReadable())
{
//it means this socket is valid and has data to read
SocketChannel socketChannel =
(SocketChannel) key.channel();
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(100); // allocate 100 bytes for buffer
//maybe you must use an allocated buffer for each connection
// instead of allocate for each operation
int read = socketChannel.read(buffer);
if(read<0)
{
//need to close channel !
socketChannel.close(); // explicitly remove from selector
System.out.println("CONNECTION CLOSED");
continue; //socket closed and other operations will skip
}else
{
buffer.flip(); // you need to learn work with ByteBuffers
byte[] bytes = new byte[buffer.remaining()];
buffer.get(bytes);
//maybe convert it to String
String msg = new String(bytes);
//use msg !
System.out.println("MESSAGE : "+msg);
key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ|SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
//set interestOps to WRIT and READ to write hello back message !
key.attach(ByteBuffer.wrap("Hello Client !".getBytes("UTF-8")));
//wrap a array of bytes using wrap and attach it to selectionKey
}
}
if(key.isValid() && key.isWritable())
{
//it means this socket is valid and have space to write data !
SocketChannel socketChannel =
(SocketChannel) key.channel();
//you must represent data you want to write to this socket
//maybe attached to selection key !
ByteBuffer dataToWrite = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();
//key.attachment here to help u have some meta data about each socket
//use it smart !
int write = socketChannel.write(dataToWrite);
if(write<0)
{
//so means some error occurs better to close it !
socketChannel.close();
System.out.println("CONNECTION CLOSED !"); //log
continue;//as socket closed we will skip next operations !
}else if(!dataToWrite.hasRemaining())
{
//so all data putted to buffer !
key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ); // just need to read !
}
}
if(key.isValid() && key.isAcceptable())
{
ServerSocketChannel server =
(ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();//just server channels has accept operation
SocketChannel socketChannel = server.accept(); //accept it !
socketChannel.configureBlocking(false); // config none-blocking mode
socketChannel.register(selector , SelectionKey.OP_READ);
//also you can register for multiple operation using | operation
//for example register for both read and write SelectionKey.READ|SelectionKey.WRITE
//also you can change is late using key.interestOps(int ops)
System.out.println("NEW CONNECTION"); //log
}
//there is another type of key,  key.isConnectable()
//google it !
}
}
}
}

and here is BlockingClient.java :

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
public class BlockingClient {
//using blocking sockets !
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{
Socket socket = new Socket();
socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost" , 5050));
socket.getOutputStream()
.write("Hello Server".getBytes("UTF-8"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
int len  = socket.getInputStream().read(buffer);
System.out.println(new String(buffer , 0 , len , "UTF-8"));
socket.close();
}
}

at this example we send Hello Server message from Blocking Client to None-Blocking Server and server will response Hello Client message !

just run !

Good luck

A tempting thought is "don't use java". Java has terrible green thread support but golang and erlang are built on green threading so they do it very well.

The java way seems to be worker pools. So you create an Executor pool (see java.util.concurrent), decide how many workers you want for a given number of connections, then pass connections to workers via a queue. A worker then has to iterate over its set of connections deciding to process each or yield.

Your number of live tcp connections is hard capped at about 2^16 (65_536: number of available ports) but the system is unlikely to be performant if you have that many connections anyway. Most systems can't maintain performance for more than ~200 persistent connections. If you can far exceed that number I would assume your system isn't doing enough per connection to really justify the use of web sockets, but I'm only guessing.