Is there a shorter way to update a column with range values on Oracle SQL?

The update script will be like

UPDATE TABLE_A
SET COLUMN_A = (range values (1,10)
WHERE  COLUMN_B = 'Descriptions'

So that when I run the query below

SELECT COLUMN_B, min(COLUMN_A ), max(COLUMN_A )
FROM TABLE_A
WHERE COLUMN_B = 'Descriptions'
group by COLUMN_B ;

COLUMN_A has minimum value of 1 and maximum value of 10.

UPDATE TABLE_A 
   SET COLUMN_A = CEIL(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE * 10) 
 WHERE COLUMN_B = 'Descriptions';

There is no "ranges" function in oracle, but you can emulate that using dbms_random which generates a value between 0 an 1. Multiply it by 10 so you get a value between 0 and 10 (10 will not be included). Round up (using CEIL function) so you get values 1 thru 10.
Note that you will get random values between 1 and 10 in this example, there is no guarantee you have values 1 and 10 included and there will likely be duplicates.

Lets assume that you have some sample data:

CREATE TABLE table_a ( Column_A, Column_B ) AS
SELECT   0, 'Descriptions' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 100, 'Descriptions' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT   3, 'Range1'       FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT   5, 'Range2'       FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT   6, 'Range2'       FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT   7, 'Range2'       FROM DUAL;

And you want to update Descriptions to have a range from 1-10 and also want to update Range1 to have a range from 42-50 (but there is only a single row in the sample data) and Range2 to have a range from 0-9 (but there are more than two rows in the sample data). Then you can use a MERGE statement:

MERGE INTO table_a dst
USING (
  WITH ranges ( Column_A, Column_B, rn ) AS (
    SELECT  1, 'Descriptions', 1 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
    SELECT 10, 'Descriptions', 0 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
    SELECT 42, 'Range1',       1 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
    SELECT 50, 'Range1',       0 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
    SELECT  0, 'Range2',       1 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
    SELECT  9, 'Range2',       0 FROM DUAL
  )
  SELECT r.Column_A,
         r.Column_B,
         a.rid
  FROM   ranges r
  LEFT OUTER JOIN (
    SELECT ROWID  AS rid,
           ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY Column_B ORDER BY ROWNUM ) AS rn,
           Column_B
    FROM   table_a
  ) a
  ON ( r.Column_B = a.Column_B AND MOD( a.rn, 2 ) = r.rn )
) src
ON ( src.rid = dst.ROWID )
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET Column_A = src.Column_A
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
  INSERT ( Column_A, Column_B )
  VALUES ( src.Column_A, src.Column_B );

And the output would be:

SELECT * FROM table_a;

> <pre>
> COLUMN_A | COLUMN_B
> -------: | :-----------
> 1 | Descriptions
> 10 | Descriptions
> 42 | Range1
> 0 | Range2
> 9 | Range2
> 0 | Range2
> 50 | Range1
> </pre>

You can see that an extra row for Range1 has been created and all the rows for Range2 have been updated.

db<>fiddle here