Best way of using sync.WaitGroup with external function

I have some issues with the following code:

package main

import (
"fmt"
"sync"
)
// This program should go to 11, but sometimes it only prints 1 to 10.
func main() {
	ch := make(chan int)
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	wg.Add(2)
	go Print(ch, wg) //
	go func(){

		for i := 1; i <= 11; i++ {
			ch <- i
		}

		close(ch) 
		defer wg.Done()


	}()

	wg.Wait() //deadlock here
}

// Print prints all numbers sent on the channel.
// The function returns when the channel is closed.
func Print(ch <-chan int, wg sync.WaitGroup) {
	for n := range ch { // reads from channel until it's closed
		fmt.Println(n)
	}
	defer wg.Done()
}

I get a deadlock at the specified place. I have tried setting wg.Add(1) instead of 2 and it solves my problem. My belief is that I'm not successfully sending the channel as an argument to the Printer function. Is there a way to do that? Otherwise, a solution to my problem is replacing the go Print(ch, wg)line with:

go func() {
Print(ch)
defer wg.Done()
}

and changing the Printer function to:

func Print(ch <-chan int) {
	for n := range ch { // reads from channel until it's closed
		fmt.Println(n)
	}
	
}

What is the best solution?

Well, first your actual error is that you're giving the Print method a copy of the sync.WaitGroup, so it doesn't call the Done() method on the one you're Wait()ing on.

Try this instead:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)
                 
func main() {    
    ch := make(chan int)

    var wg sync.WaitGroup
    wg.Add(2)    

    go Print(ch, &wg)

    go func() {  
        for i := 1; i <= 11; i++ {
            ch <- i
        }
        close(ch)
        defer wg.Done()
    }()          
                 
    wg.Wait() //deadlock here
}                
                 
func Print(ch <-chan int, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
    for n := range ch { // reads from channel until it's closed
        fmt.Println(n)
    }            
    defer wg.Done()
}

Now, changing your Print method to remove the WaitGroup of it is a generally good idea: the method doesn't need to know something is waiting for it to finish its job.

I agree with @Elwinar's solution, that the main problem in your code caused by passing a copy of your Waitgroup to the Print function.

This means the wg.Done() is operated on a copy of wg you defined in the main. Therefore, wg in the main could not get decreased, and thus a deadlock happens when you wg.Wait() in main.

Since you are also asking about the best practice, I could give you some suggestions of my own:

• Don't remove defer wg.Done() in Print. Since your goroutine in main is a sender, and print is a receiver, removing wg.Done() in receiver routine will cause an unfinished receiver. This is because only your sender is synced with your main, so after your sender is done, your main is done, but it's possible that the receiver is still working. My point is: don't leave some dangling goroutines around after your main routine is finished. Close them or wait for them.

• Remember to do panic recovery everywhere, especially anonymous goroutine. I have seen a lot of golang programmers forgetting to put panic recovery in goroutines, even if they remember to put recover in normal functions. It's critical when you want your code to behave correctly or at least gracefully when something unexpected happened.

• Use defer before every critical calls, like sync related calls, at the beginning since you don't know where the code could break. Let's say you removed defer before wg.Done(), and a panic occurrs in your anonymous goroutine in your example. If you don't have panic recover, it will panic. But what happens if you have a panic recover? Everything's fine now? No. You will get deadlock at wg.Wait() since your wg.Done() gets skipped because of panic! However, by using defer, this wg.Done() will be executed at the end, even if panic happened. Also, defer before close is important too, since its result also affects the communication.

So here is the code modified according to the points I mentioned above:

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
)

func main() {
	ch := make(chan int)
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	wg.Add(2)
	go Print(ch, &wg)
	go func() {

		defer func() {
			if r := recover(); r != nil {
				println("panic:" + r.(string))
			}
		}()

		defer func() {
			wg.Done()
		}()

		for i := 1; i <= 11; i++ {
			ch <- i

			if i == 7 {
				panic("ahaha")
			}
		}

		println("sender done")
		close(ch)
	}()

	wg.Wait()
}

func Print(ch <-chan int, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
	defer func() {
		if r := recover(); r != nil {
			println("panic:" + r.(string))
		}
	}()

	defer wg.Done()

	for n := range ch {
		fmt.Println(n)
	}
	println("print done")
}

Hope it helps