Why can't I duplicate a slice with `copy()`?

I need to make a copy of a slice in Go and reading the docs there is a copy function at my disposal.

> The copy built-in function copies elements from a source slice into a
> destination slice. (As a special case, it also will copy bytes from a
> string to a slice of bytes.) The source and destination may overlap.
> Copy returns the number of elements copied, which will be the minimum
> of len(src) and len(dst).

But when I do:

arr := []int{1, 2, 3}
tmp := []int{}
copy(tmp, arr)
fmt.Println(tmp)
fmt.Println(arr)

My tmp is empty as it was before (I even tried to use arr, tmp):

[]
[1 2 3]

You can check it on go playground. So why can not I copy a slice?

The builtin copy(dst, src) copies min(len(dst), len(src)) elements.

So if your dst is empty (len(dst) == 0), nothing will be copied.

Try tmp := make([]int, len(arr)) (Go Playground):

arr := []int{1, 2, 3}
tmp := make([]int, len(arr))
copy(tmp, arr)
fmt.Println(tmp)
fmt.Println(arr)

Output (as expected):

[1 2 3]
[1 2 3]

Unfortunately this is not documented in the builtin package, but it is documented in the Go Language Specification: Appending to and copying slices:

> The number of elements copied is the minimum of len(src) and len(dst).

Edit:

Finally the documentation of copy() has been updated and it now contains the fact that the minimum length of source and destination will be copied:

> Copy returns the number of elements copied, which will be the minimum of len(src) and len(dst).

Another simple way to do this is by using append which will allocate the slice in the process.

arr := []int{1, 2, 3}
tmp := append([]int(nil), arr...)  // Notice the ... splat
fmt.Println(tmp)
fmt.Println(arr)

Output (as expected):

[1 2 3]
[1 2 3]

As pointed out in the comments below, append may allocate excess memory if the slice isn't sized correctly to begin with. A nice solution to this is to preallocate a slice of the right capacity, like so:

tmp := append(make([]int, 0, len(arr)), arr...)

So a shorthand for copying array arr would be append(make([]int, 0, len(arr)), arr...)

https://play.golang.org/p/xwevI1chGrd

The copy() runs for the least length of dst and src, so you must initialize the dst to the desired length.

A := []int{1, 2, 3}
B := make([]int, 3)
copy(B, A)
C := make([]int, 2)
copy(C, A)
fmt.Println(A, B, C)

Output:

[1 2 3] [1 2 3] [1 2]

You can initialize and copy all elements in one line using append() to a nil slice.

x := append([]T{}, []...)

Example:

A := []int{1, 2, 3}
B := append([]int{}, A...)
C := append([]int{}, A[:2]...)
fmt.Println(A, B, C)    

Output:

[1 2 3] [1 2 3] [1 2]

Comparing with allocation+copy(), for greater than 1,000 elements, use append. Actually bellow 1,000 the difference may be neglected, make it a go for rule of thumb unless you have many slices.

BenchmarkCopy1-4             	50000000	        27.0 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy10-4            	30000000	        53.3 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy100-4           	10000000	       229 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy1000-4          	 1000000	      1942 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy10000-4         	  100000	     18009 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy100000-4        	   10000	    220113 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy1000000-4       	    1000	   2028157 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy10000000-4      	     100	  15323924 ns/op
BenchmarkCopy100000000-4     	       1	1200488116 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend1-4           	50000000	        34.2 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend10-4          	20000000	        60.0 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend100-4         	 5000000	       240 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend1000-4        	 1000000	      1832 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend10000-4       	  100000	     13378 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend100000-4      	   10000	    142397 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend1000000-4     	    2000	   1053891 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend10000000-4    	     200	   9500541 ns/op
BenchmarkAppend100000000-4   	      20	 176361861 ns/op

If your slices were of the same size, it would work:

arr := []int{1, 2, 3}
tmp := []int{0, 0, 0}
i := copy(tmp, arr)
fmt.Println(i)
fmt.Println(tmp)
fmt.Println(arr)

Would give:

3
[1 2 3]
[1 2 3]

From "Go Slices: usage and internals":

> The copy function supports copying between slices of different lengths (it will copy only up to the smaller number of elements)

The usual example is:

t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2)
copy(t, s)
s = t

The best way to clone as slice is

sClone = append(s[:0:0], s...)

This implementation has two advantage:

1. make sure that the result sClone is nil if s is nil, and is not nil
   if s is not nil.

2. No need to import the containing package of type T even if T is declared in
   another package

> The Go Programming Language Specification
>
> Appending to and copying slices
>
> The function copy copies slice elements from a source src to a
> destination dst and returns the number of elements copied. Both
> arguments must have identical element type T and must be assignable to
> a slice of type []T. The number of elements copied is the minimum of
> len(src) and len(dst). As a special case, copy also accepts a
> destination argument assignable to type []byte with a source argument
> of a string type. This form copies the bytes from the string into the
> byte slice.
>
> copy(dst, src []T) int
> copy(dst []byte, src string) int

tmp needs enough room for arr. For example,

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	arr := []int{1, 2, 3}
	tmp := make([]int, len(arr))
	copy(tmp, arr)
	fmt.Println(tmp)
	fmt.Println(arr)
}

Output:

[1 2 3]
[1 2 3]

If you don't care about the speed:

import "golang.org/x/exp/slices"

tmp := slices.Clone(arr)

With Go 1.18 and generics, any slices now could be copied with slices.Clone from package "golang.org/x/exp/slices". Playground

Sweet, Simple, Performant, No need to be careful of length, No Memory overlap, Different copies

slice2 := append([]int{}, slice1...)

> NOTE: This is an incorrect solution as @benlemasurier proved

Here is a way to copy a slice. I'm a bit late, but there is a simpler, and faster answer than @Dave's. This are the instructions generated from a code like @Dave's. These is the instructions generated by mine. As you can see there are far fewer instructions. What is does is it just does append(slice), which copies the slice. This code:

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    var foo = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
    fmt.Println("foo:", foo)
    var bar = append(foo)
    fmt.Println("bar:", bar)
    bar = append(bar, 6)
    fmt.Println("foo after:", foo)
    fmt.Println("bar after:", bar)
}

Outputs this:

foo: [1 2 3 4 5]
bar: [1 2 3 4 5]
foo after: [1 2 3 4 5]
bar after: [1 2 3 4 5 6]

Just do benchmark for those three methods which implement slice copy

• with append on CloneWithAppend
• with copy on CloneWithCopy
• with append for generic any on CloneWithAny

func CloneWithAppend(b []byte) []byte {
	if b == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return append([]byte{}, b...)
}

func CloneWithCopy(b []byte) []byte {
	if b == nil {
		return nil
	}
	tmp := make([]byte, len(b))
	copy(tmp, b)
	return tmp
}

func CloneWithAny[B ~[]T, T any](b B) B {
	if b == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return append([]T{}, b...)
}

Benchmark codes

var testSlice = []byte("qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmQWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM098765432112345678901234567890")

func BenchmarkCloneWithAppend(b *testing.B) {
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		CloneWithAppend(testSlice)
	}
}

func BenchmarkCloneWithCopy(b *testing.B) {
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		CloneWithCopy(testSlice)
	}
}

func BenchmarkCloneWithAny(b *testing.B) {
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		CloneWithAny(testSlice)
	}
}

Results

goarch: amd64
pkg: test
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8850H CPU @ 2.60GHz
BenchmarkCloneWithAppend-12     28700232                41.50 ns/op
BenchmarkCloneWithCopy-12       32453222                30.98 ns/op
BenchmarkCloneWithAny-12        31737926                41.68 ns/op

It seems the with copy method has better performance.

Note, func Clone([]uint8) []uint8 of pkg bytes would be added in Golang next release per this commit and related proposal bytes, strings: add Clone

// Clone returns a copy of b[:len(b)].
// The result may have additional unused capacity.
// Clone(nil) returns nil.
func Clone(b []byte) []byte {
	if b == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return append([]byte{}, b...)
}

Thanks to the answerers, if someone needs to copy many lists, this generic method may helps (As said in the documentation, Go introduced native support for generics starting from version 1.18) :

func CopyList[T any](list []T) []T {
	newList := make([]T, len(list))
	copy(newList, list)
	return newList
}

usage : copiedList := CopyList(originalList)