Why is the content of slice not changed in GO?

I thought that in GO language, slices are passed by reference. But why the following code doesn't change the content of slice c? Am I missing something? Thank you.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
)


func call(c []int) {
	c = append(c, 1)
	fmt.Println(c)
}

func main() {
	c := make([]int, 1, 5)
	fmt.Println(c)
	call(c)
	fmt.Println(c)
}

The result printed is:

> [0]
> [0 1]
> [0]

while I was expecting
> [0]
> [0 1]
> [0 1]

The length of the slice is kept in the slice header which is not passed by reference. You can think of a slice as a struct containing a pointer to the array, a length, and a capacity.

When you appended to the slice, you modified index 1 in the data array and then incremented the length in the slice header. When you returned, c in the main function had a length of 1 and so printed the same data.

The reason slices work this way is so you can have multiple slices pointing to the same data. For example:

x := []int{1,2,3}
y := x[:2] // [1 2]
z := x[1:] // [2 3]

All three of those slices point to overlapping data in the same underlying array.

Go is always pass by value. Certain types are reference types, like pointers, maps, channels; or partially reference types, like slices (which consists of a reference to the underlying array and also the values of the length and capacity). But regardless of type everything is passed by value. Thus assigning to a local variable never affects anything outside.